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Examination of Adults' Leisure Constraints, Social Inclusion and Life
Satisfaction: Perspectives from Five European Countries

In the second part, questions were included to determine the behaviors of the participants regarding the
use of their free time. In the last part, 3 different measurement tools were used, the detailed
information of which is given below. “Leisure Time Barriers Scale-LTBS” was used to determine the
factors that prevent or limit the participants' participation in leisure time activities. The LTBS was
originally developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997). LTBS consists of a total of 18 items and 3 sub-
dimensions as personal barriers, interpersonal barriers and structural barriers. The items in the scale are
evaluated on the scale of 1 = Not at all Important and 4 = Very Important. The internal consistency
coefficient calculated within the scope of this study for LTBS is a= 0.89.

“Social Inclusion Scale-SIS” Secker et al. (2009) developed by. The SIS consists of 22 items that assess
individuals' social inclusion levels. In the original version of the scale, there are a total of 22 items and 3
sub-dimensions called social acceptance, social isolation and social relationship. Participants were asked
to evaluate the statements in the scale on a 4-point Likert-type scale as 1 = Not at all, 2 = Not at all, 3 = A
little bit and 4 = Yes, definitely. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale is a= 0.84. The last
measurement tool used in the study is “Life Satisfaction Scale-LSS”. This scale, which has a total of 5
items and a single sub-dimension, was prepared by Diener et al. It was brought to the literature in 1995.
The statements in the scale are evaluated on a Likert-type scale of 1 (Strongly Disagree) and 7 (Strongly
Agree). The Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was determined as a = 0.88. It
was determined that the internal consistency coefficients calculated for this scale and the other two
scales were above the acceptable limit (a = 0.70) (Kim, 2013).
Analysis of Data
The data collected online were first transferred to the database in the program called SPSS (Statistical
Package for Social Sciences 16.0). In the evaluation of demographic information about the participants,
basic descriptive statistics such as frequency (f) and percentage (%) were made. Cronbach's Alpha
internal consistency coefficient was calculated to test the reliability level of the measurement tools.

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