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P A R T 1
Socialization

Socialization is the process of internalizing the norms and values of the society in which individuals live.
Eitzen and Sage (1997) defined socialization as “the process of learning and adapting to a particular social
system”. According to Coakley (2007), socialization is an active learning and social development process
that occurs as we interact with each other and get to know the social world we live in.
Socialization is a process that has different meanings for individuals and society. While socialization
expresses the acquisition and development of personality for individuals, socialization is expressed as
learning the values and norms that make up the culture of society and transferring them from one
generation to the next (Tezcan, 2010).
There are two stages in the socialization process of individuals: primary socialization and secondary
socialization (Musgrave, 1967). Primary socialization takes place during childhood. It consists in the
understanding of the social world as an important reality and the acquisition of general norms of social life.
Secondary socialization is the phase where the already socialized individual invests in new social "lower
worlds" and reinforces primary socialization (Jarvis, 2006). This process is the result of the interactions of
different socialization agents such as family, peers, and teachers that individuals encounter throughout
their lives. An individual who can realize his socialization can integrate with the society because he will
develop a personality compatible with the society. In socialization, on the other hand, cultural continuity is
ensured by the transfer of culture across generations. By teaching the social role to the individual by the
society, it is ensured that the individual lives in a harmonious way in the society.

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